countrypowerful

One of PC gaming’s biggest strengths is its flexibility, and that advantage shines brightest when you mod your PC games. While console games remain restricted to the gameplay and features shipped by developers, many PC games can be modified by the community to tweak almost any aspect of the experience. Mods can offer enhanced graphics, bug fixes, fresh quests, you name it. The best PC mods can change games completely—and sometimes kickstart whole new genres of their own.

This guide will teach you how to mod PC games, explaining the various resources available to find and install mods, as well as how to manage your mods to avoid potential conflicts. Welcome to the next stage of your adventure.

Note: We’ll start this article by explaining how to use mods in PC games, but since this is a beginner’s guide, we’ve got the why covered too. The second page details reasons you may want to mod your PC games, along with screenshots and examples of some of the more popular mods available.

How to mod a PC game

Before we begin, be aware that many multiplayer games, including Grand Theft Auto Online, will ban you if join an online session with modified files. (They’re allowed in GTA V’s single player though.) Other online games allow the use of quality-of-life mods like graphical enhancers, but ban gameplay mods. Do your homework if you want to run mods while playing online!

Got it? Good. Let’s dig in.

Modding PC games doesn’t follow a universal process. The required steps differ game to game and mod to mod. Generally, modding requires some kind of change to the existing game, such as tweaks to an .ini file or replacing texture files completely. Some mods may need more in-depth preparation, such as decompressing a game’s executable, swapping in some very specific files, and then repackaging it. Most mods will have install instructions in their readme files or on their host sites.

Fortunately, some of the biggest mod communities offer custom tools that greatly simplify the installation process. In the best cases, you’ll only need to click a button and the modding tool does everything else for you.

Nexus Mod Manager

The Nexus Mod Manager, which is still in open beta, works alongside the popular Nexus Mods site by handling mod file storage location, downloads management, and many installation paths. For the mods that support it, this allows you to just download and install from a single location instead of having to navigate a bunch of different game folders to make sure all the pieces are in place.

Steam

It should be no surprise that if you want to use Steam Workshop mods, you need to use Steam. The Workshop features within Steam allow you to subscribe to mods for games you own on the platform. Once you do, Steam will handle the installation part, then keep your mods automatically updated, just like the rest of your games library. Not all Steam games support Workshop, though.

Twitch Desktop App (previously Curse)

The Twitch Desktop App has a handful of Twitch and community features, but recently, the mods application features from the previous Curse app has been rolled into it. Much like the Nexus Mod Manager, you can install mods through the app instead of dealing with each mod installation effort individually.

Finding game mods

Finding mods for games is the easy part. It’s picking and choosing which specific mods you want that can get difficult. Regardless, there are all kinds of sites and services that host mods for gamers to download and use. Here are some of the largest repositories.

Nexus Mods

Nexus Mods is one of the most popular mod hosting sites, particularly for Bethesda’s Elder Scrolls and Fallout games. The Nexus sites are primarily community-driven, with free hosting and distribution of mods made by just about anyone.

Mod DB

Mod DB is one of the oldest modding resource sites out there. It’s typically known for being the popular host for mods of older games (like the original Half-Life) or being the primary distributor of the very popular Brutal Doom. In 2016, Mod DB acquired GameFront—which used to be the largest mod hosting site in the world—after GameFront shut itself down.

Steam Workshop

If you couldn’t already guess, the Steam Workshop is a mod hosting resource for games on the Steam platform. Game developers can support the Steam Workshop for their games, which then allows communities to create and change the game, while handling all mod hosting and sorting through Steam directly. Steam Workshop makes modding dead simple.

Curse Mods

Curse, recently acquired by Twitch, is a multimedia organization that holds a wide range of gaming-centric media. Curse has been most popular for hosting add-ons for World of Warcraft and other MMOs.

Bethesda Creation Club

At E3 2017, game publisher Bethesda introduced the Bethesda Creation Club, a curated marketplace for mod creators to be able to make and sell content for Fallout 4 and Skyrim Special Edition. You’ll find the Creation Club baked right inside those games. The idea of paid mods may be a touchy subject for some, though.

Game specific resources

Several games and series have specific community sites where most of their mods originate. The popular mods from these sources may be rehosted elsewhere, but these niche sites tend to be the primary community for the games. Here are some examples:

• Fallout 1 and 2 - No Mutants Allowed
• Minecraft - MinecraftMods
• Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic - Deadly Stream

On the other hand, some especially useful mods support many different games. Two notable multi-game mods are ENBseries, which enhances the graphics in many modern titles, and the_bigg’s Widescreen Mod, which adds much-needed widescreen support to classic CRPGs like Planescape: Torment, Baldur’s Gate, and Icewind Dale.

Managing PC game mods

Steam, Nexus Mod Manager, and the Twitch Desktop App are also tools for managing your mods. They show you the mods you have installed, include abilities to enable or disable individual mods, and can help let you know when an update is available.

That said, there are some mod management tools available that help in specific games. If your game of choice has enough mods, chances are someone has developed a manager for them. Here are a few popular ones:

Bethesda’s role-playing games have been a modding favorite for years now, and legions of mods are available all of them. Because of that, modders also created several key Bethesda-focused management tools.

Mod Organizer

Once the preferred mod manager for Elder Scrolls and modern Fallout games, the Mod Organizer offered much of what the Nexus Mod Manager can do with some additional features, such as being able to open up game’s data archives and save files for direct manipulation. Fun fact: Nexus Mods hired Tannin42, the creator of Mod Organizer, to work on the Nexus Mod Manager in late 2016.

LOOT: The Load Order Optimisation Tool

When you’re trying to play with a large number of mods in modern Bethesda games, the order in which they load up can be important. LOOT helps you organize your mod list and load order, saving you the time and energy of having to learn what most of the order needs to be yourself. Additionally, LOOT can help point out opportunities for optimization in some mods, such as redundant components or dirty edits that will only slow things down.

Wrye Bash

Think of this as the manual version of LOOT, with some Mod Organizer features on steroids. Wrye Bash helps you get into the thick of things in terms of mod management by helping you access the parts of mods that might need cleaning or even file merging.

Now that you’ve learned how to mod PC games, it’s time to dig into why you’d mod PC games.

Next page: What is game modding? Why you’d want to mod PC games.

A mod (short for 'modification') is an alteration by players or fans of a video game^[1] that changes one or more aspects of a video game, such as how it looks or behaves. Mods may range from small changes and tweaks to complete overhauls, and can extend the replay value and interest of the game.

Modding a game can also be understood as the act of seeking and installing mods to the player's game,^[2] but the act of tweaking pre-existing settings and preferences is not truly modding.^[1]

Mods have arguably become an increasingly important factor in the commercial success of some games, as they add a depth to the original work,^[3] and can be both useful to players and a means of self-expression.^[4]

People can become fans of specific mods, in addition to fans of the game they are for, such as requesting features and alterations for these mods.^[4] In cases where mods are very popular, players might have to clarify that they are referring to the unmodified game when talking about playing a game. The term vanilla is often used to make this distinction. 'Vanilla Battlefield 1942', for example, refers to the original, unmodified game.

As early as the 1980s, video game mods have also been used for the sole purpose of creating art, as opposed to an actual game. This can include recording in-game actions as a film, as well as attempting to reproduce real-life areas inside a game with no regard for game play value. This has led to the rise of artistic video game modification, as well as machinima and the demoscene.

Popular games can have tens of thousands of mods created for them.^[5] Popular websites dedicated to modding include Nexus Mods, GameBanana, Mod DB, and Steam Workshop.

• 1Development
• 2Official status of mods
• 3Types

Development[edit]

Many mods are not publicly released to the gaming community by their creators.^[1] Some are very limited and just include some gameplay changes or even a different loading screen, while others are total conversions and can modify content and gameplay extensively. A few mods become very popular and convert themselves into distinct games, with the rights getting bought and turning into an official modification.

Technical and social skills are needed to create a mod.^[3]

A group of mod developers may join together to form a 'mod team'.

Doom (1993) was the first game to have a large modding community.^[6] In exchange for the technical foundation to mod, id Software insisted that mods should only work with the retail version of the game (not the demo), which was respected by the modders and boosted Doom's sales. Another factor in the popularity of modding Doom was the increasing popularity of the Internet, which allowed modding communities to form.^[7] Mods for Quake (1996) such as 'Capture the Flag' and 'Team Fortress' became standard features in later games in the shooter genre.^[6] While first-person shooters are popular games to mod,^[8] the virtual pet genre with games such as Petz (1995) and Creatures (1996) fostered younger modders, particularly girls.^[9]

Tools[edit]

Mod-making tools are a variety of construction sets for creating mods for a game. Early commercial mod-making tools were the Boulder Dash Construction Kit (1986) and The Bard's Tale Construction Set (1991), which allowed users to create game designs in those series. Much more successful among early mod-making tools was the 1992 Forgotten Realms: Unlimited Adventures from Strategic Simulations, Inc., which allowed users to construct games based on the game world that was launched with the Pool of Radiance game.

By the mid 1990s, modding tools were commonly offered with PC games,^[10] and by the early 2000s, a game that launched with no modding tools was considered more worthy of note in a review than one that did.^[11]Maxis released the modding tools for The Sims (2000) before the game itself, resulting in a suite of fan-created mods being available at launch.^[12] The advertising campaign for Neverwinter Nights (2002) focused on the included Aurora toolset.^[8] The provision of tools is still seen as the most practical way that a company can signal to fans that its game is open for modding.^[13] Fans may also use and create open-source software tools for modding games.^[14]

There are also free content delivery tools available that make playing mods easier. They help manage downloads, updates, and mod installation in order to allow people who are less technically literate to play. Steam's 'Workshop' service, for example, allows a user to easily download and install mods in supported games.^[15]

Game support for modifications[edit]

The potential for end-user change in game varies greatly, though it can have little correlation on the number and quality of mods made for a game.

In general the most modification-friendly games will define gameplay variables in text or other non proprietary format files^[16] (for instance in the Civilization series one could alter the movement rate along roads and many other factors^{[citation needed]}), and have graphics of a standard format such as bitmaps.^[16] Publishers can also determine mod-friendliness in the way important source files are available, such as Doom having its art assets separate from the main program, which allowed them to be shared and modified.^[17]

Games have varying support from their publishers for modifications, but often require expensive professional software to make. One such example is Homeworld 2, which requires the program Maya to build new in-game objects. However, there are free versions of Maya and other advanced modeling software available. There are also free and even open-source modeling programs (such as Blender) that can be used as well.

For advanced mods such as Desert Combat that are total conversions, complicated modeling and texturing software is required to make original content. Advanced mods can rival the complexity and work of making the original game content (short of the engine itself), rendering the differences in ease of modding small in comparison to the total amount of work required. Having an engine that is for example easy to import models to, is of little help when doing research, modeling, and making a photorealistic texture for a game item. As a result, other game characteristics such as its popularity and capabilities have a dominating effect on the number of mods created for the game by users.

A game that allows modding is said to be 'moddable'. The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim as well as its predecessors, The Elder Scrolls III: Morrowind and The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion, are examples of highly moddable games, with an official editor available for download from the developer. Daggerfall was much less moddable, but some people released their own modifications nevertheless. Some modifications such as Gunslingers Academy have deliberately made the game more moddable by adding in scripting support or externalizing underlying code. Supreme Commander set out to be the 'most customisable game ever' and as such included a mod manager which allowed for modular modding, having several mods on at once.^{[citation needed]}

The games industry is currently facing the question of how much it should embrace the players' contribution in creating new material for the game or mod-communities as part of their structure within the game. Some software companies openly accept and even encourage such communities. Others though have chosen to enclose their games in heavily policed copyright or Intellectual Property regimes(IPR) and close down sites that they see as infringing their ownership of a game.^[18]

Portability issues[edit]

For cross-platform games, mods written for the Windows version have not always been compatible with the Mac OS X and/or Linux ports of the game. In large part, this is due to the publisher's concern with prioritizing the porting of the primary game itself, when allocating resources for fixing the porting of mod-specific functions may not be cost-effective for the smaller market share of alternate platforms. For example, Battlefield 1942, ported by Aspyr for Mac OS X, had file access issues specific to mods until the 1.61D patch. Unreal Tournament 2004 does not have a working community mods menu for the Mac OS X version and, until the 3369 patch, had graphics incompatibilities with several mods such as Red Orchestra and Metaball.

Also, mods compiled into platform-specific libraries, such as those of Doom 3, are often only built for the Windows platform, leading to a lack of cross-platform compatibility even when the underlying game is highly portable. In the same line of reasoning, mod development tools are often available only on the Windows platform. id Software's Doom 3 Radiant tool and Epic Games' UnrealEd are examples of this.

Mod teams that lack either the resources or know-how to develop their mods for alternate platforms sometimes outsource their code and art assets to individuals or groups who are able to port the mod.

The mod specialist site for Macs, Macologist, has created GUI launchers and installers for many UT2004 mods, as well as solving cross-platform conversion issues for mods for other games.

Unforeseen consequences or benefits of modding[edit]

In January 2005, it was reported that in The Sims 2 (2004) modifications that changed item and game behavior were unexpectedly being transferred to other players through the official website's exchange feature, leading to changed game behavior without advance warning.^[19]

After the Hot Coffee mod incident, there were calls from the industry to better control modders.^[6] There is concern about mods which show nudity, and Bestheda does not allow mods with nudity to be uploaded on its website. Nexus allows for mods which allow nudity if breasts are not visible in the preview image. One of the most popular mods of this type is Caliente’s Beautiful Bodies Edition, which allows for body modification in Skyrim and Fallout 4, and has been downloaded at least 8.2 million times.^[20]

In 2015, members from the Grand Theft Auto fan site GTAForums reported instances of malware being circulated through modifications written using the .NET Framework for Grand Theft Auto V.^[21][22] Two of the modifications in question, namely 'Angry Planes' and 'No Clip', came with code for loading a remote access tool, and a keylogger for stealing Facebook and Steam account credentials.^[23] The modifications in question have since been taken out of circulation, with affected players being advised to change their social media account passwords and disinfect their computers.

Motivations of modders[edit]

The Internet provides an inexpensive medium to promote and distribute user created content like mods, an aspect commonly known as Web 2.0. Video game modding was described as remixing of games and can be therefore seen as part of the remix culture as described by Lawrence Lessig,^[24] or as a successor to the playful hacker culture which produced the first video games.^[11]

Mods can be both useful to players and a means of self-expression.^[4] Three motivations have been identified by Olli for fans to create mods: to patch the game, to express themselves, and to get a foot in the door of the video game industry.^[4] However, it is very rare for even popular modders to make this leap to the professional video game industry.^[25] Poor suggests becoming a professional is not a major motivation of modders, noting that they tend to have a strong sense of community, and that older modders, who may already have established careers, are less motivated by the possibility of becoming professional than younger modders.^[1]

Official status of mods[edit]

Mods can extend the shelf life of games, such as Half-Life (1998), which increased its sales figures over the first three years of its release. According to the director of marketing at Valve, a typical shelf-life for a game would be 12 to 18 months, even if it was a 'mega-hit'.^[26] In early 2012, the DayZ modification for ARMA 2 was released and caused a massive increase in sales for the three-year-old game, putting it in the top spot for online game sales for a number of months and selling over 300,000 units for the game.^[27] In some cases, modders who are against piracy have created mods that enforce the use of a legal game copy.^[28]

Half-Life had a Valve-run annual mod expo which began in 1999, showcasing the new games built using the Half-Life engine.^[29]

Due to the increasing popularity and quality of modding, some developers, such as Firaxis, have included fan-made mods in official releases of expansion packs. A similar case is that of Valve Corporation, when they hired Defense of the Ancients lead designer IceFrog in developing Dota 2.

For example, a number of fan-made maps, scenarios and mods, such as the 'Best of the Net' collection and 'Double Your Pleasure', were included in the Civilization II expansion Fantastic Worlds and the Civilization III expansion Play the World^[30], and in the Civilization IV expansion Beyond the Sword, two existing mods, Rhye's and Fall of Civilization^[31] and Fall from Heaven made their way into the expansion (the latter through a spin-off called Age of Ice^[32]).

Legal status of mods[edit]

Copyright law, as it relates to video games and mod packs, is an evolving and largely unsettled legal issue. The legal uncertainty revolves around which party is legally the 'copyright owner' of the mods within the pack -- the company that produced the game, the end-user that created the compilation, or the creators of the individual mods.^[33]. Video games are protected by copyright law as a 'literary work'.^[34] In the United States context, the mechanisms of how the modder gets into the code of the game to mod it may violate the Digital Millennium Copyright Act or the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act or even simply the end-user license agreement (EULA).^[20] Most EULAs forbid modders from selling their mods.^[35] A particular concern of companies is the use of copyrighted material by another company in mods, such as a Quake 'Aliens vs. Predator' mod, which was legally contested by 20th Century Fox.^[11]

Some regard the fan use of copyrighted material in mods to be part of a 'moral economy', and develop norms about the reuse of this material,^[36] often settling on a system of shared ownership, where mods and code are freely shared with the common good in mind.^[34] It has been argued that total conversion mods may be covered in the United States under the concept of fair use.^[37]

Modding can be compared with the open-source-software movement.^[14][38]

In 2006, part of the reason that Second Life generated interest was how user-generated content (mods) were central to the experience, and how the intellectual property rights remained with the creator-player. This was developed by the publisher into a market.^[39]

Controversy surrounding paid mods[edit]

In April 2015, Valve Corporation implemented a 'paid mod' feature onto Steam; the first game to implement this feature was The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim.^[40] The move resulted in a swift backlash from the modding community, and after an enormous influx of complaints of overpriced mods, content that had been published without its creator's consent, and concerns over mods that contained third-party copyrighted content (i.e, material that neither Valve nor the mod creator owned), Valve discontinued the 'paid mod' feature entirely and agreed to refund those that spent money to purchase a mod.^[41][42] Other concerns identified included that being able to mod the game was a reason why players bought the game on PC in the first place, and a worry that newbie modders would not be able to stand on the shoulders of giants by modding pre-existing mods, and that mod teams would become unworkable.^[35] The removal of the system itself was also criticized.^[43] Nevertheless, Bethesda integrated paid mods into Skyrim Special Edition in 2016.

Types[edit]

Total conversion[edit]

A total conversion is a mod of an existing game that replaces virtually all of the artistic assets in the original game, and sometimes core aspects of gameplay.^[44] Total conversions can result in a completely different genre from the original.

The Half-Life modding community splintered across the different total conversions available, often modding for a particular total conversion rather than Half-Life in general.^[45] Examples of famous total conversions include Counter-Strike (1999), whose developers were hired by Valve Software to turn it into a commercial product,^[46]Defense of the Ancients (2003), which was the first MOBA to have sponsored tournaments,^[44] and Garry's Mod (2004), for which fans created thousands of game modes over its decade-long development.^[46]

Many popular total conversions are later turned into standalone games, replacing any remaining original assets to allow for commercial sale without copyright infringement. Some of these mods are even approved for sale despite using the IP of the original game, such as Black Mesa.^[47]

Overhaul[edit]

An overhaul mod significantly changes an entire game's graphics and gameplay, usually with the intent to improve on the original, but not going as far as a complete remake. This can also include adding revised dialog and music.

Examples of overhaul mods include Deus Ex: Revision, which was given permission from publisher Square Enix to release on Steam alongside the original game,^[48] and GTA 5 Redux, which not only improves the original game's textures, but also adds a new weather system, visual effects, and adjusts the wanted system, weapons, and vehicle handling.^[49]

Add-on[edit]

An add-on or addon is a typically small mod which adds to the original content of a specific game. In most cases, an add-on will add one particular element to a game, such as a new weapon in a shooting game, a new unit or map in a strategy game, a new vehicle or track in a racing game, items in a game like Minecraft or Terraria, or additional contents in simulation games (such as new pilotable airplanes (e.g., the Airbus A330 or Boeing 787 Dreamliner). This can be accomplished without changing any of the original game's existing content. Many games are flexible and allow this, however that is not always the case. Some add-ons occasionally have to replace in-game content, due to the nature of a peculiar game engine. It may be the case, for example, that in a game which does not give a player the option to choose their character, modders wishing to add another player model will simply have to overwrite the old one. A famous example of this type of mod can be found for the Grand Theft Auto series wherein modders may use downloadable tools to replace content (such as models) in the game's directory. The Left 4 Dead series can also be modded with individual add-ons which are stored in a .VPK format, so that a player may choose to activate a given mod or not.

Unofficial patch[edit]

An unofficial patch can be a mod of an existing game that fixes bugs not fixed by an official patch or that unlocks content present in the released game's files but is inaccessible in official gameplay. Such patches are usually created by members of the game's fan base when the original developer is unwilling or unable to supply the functionality officially. Jazz Jackrabbit 2 has an unofficial patch which adds and fixes many of its features.^[50] One downside of this type of mod is that leaked content can be revealed. An example is the Hot Coffee mod for Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas, which unlocks a sexually explicit minigame.^[6] The ESRB changed the rating of GTA:SA from Mature (M) to Adults Only (AO).^[51] In the fourth quarter of 2005, Rockstar released a 'clean' version of the game with the 'Hot Coffee' scenes removed (Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas 1.01), allowing the rating of the game to be reverted to its original Mature rating.^[52] In May 2006, a similar event occurred with Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion.^[6]

Art mod[edit]

An art mod is a mod that is created for artistic effect. Art mods are most frequently associated with video game art, however modified games that retain their playability and are subject to more extensive mods (i.e. closer to total conversions) may also be classified as art games.^[53] Art mods are usually designed to subvert the original game experience. One example is the Velvet-Strike mod for Counter Strike in which the players spray-paint anti-violence messages in multiplayer games as a form of performance art. Another example is Robert Nideffer's Tomb Raider I and II patches which were designed to subvert the unofficial Nude Raider patch of the late 1990s by altering Lara Croft's sexual orientation.^[54] The origins of the art mod can be traced to the classic 1983 mod Castle Smurfenstein (a humorous subversion of Castle Wolfenstein which replaces the Nazi guards with Smurfs).^[55] The very first art mod, however, is generally considered to be Iimura Takahiko's 1993 AIUEOUNN Six Features (a modification of Sony's 'System G').^[53][54]

The editing of the film by Mark Day is taut and streamlined –not a moment is wasted and the story drives forward with energy and commitment; Henry Braham's cinematography is cool and brooding in London, and lush and earthy in Africa; the production design by Stuart Craig is grand and evocative; and the music by Rupert Gregson Williams is both emotional and pulse-quickening. Special mention goes to screenwriters Adam Cozad and Craig Brewer who updated the Burroughs material, giving it unexpected historical gravitas, while excavating from the pages of the early Tarzan books the core values that made them unique. And the CGI wizardry is seamless, photo-realistic, and effective on all levels. Free tarzan movies tarzan the ape man.

Support continuation by mod[edit]

After EA lost the license and ended the support for the MVP Baseball 2005, the game's modding community continues the support and releases updated roster lists every year as also alternative leagues (e.g. MVP Caribe, a total conversion).^[56][57][58]

Released 2011 IL-2 Sturmovik: Cliffs of Dover received mixed reviews due to bugs and other issues. Modders fixed the game over time, got source code access granted, which lead to an official re-release under the name IL-2 Sturmovik: Cliffs of Dover BLITZ Edition.^[59]

User interface mod[edit]

A user interface mod changes parts of how players interact with the game,^[14] and commonly, mods to the UI reveal information that the player or modder believes is helpful in playing the game.^[24]

Mod packs[edit]

Mod packs are groups of mods put into one package for download, often with an auto-installer. A mod pack's purpose is to make an easy download for downloading multiple mods, often with the goal of resolving cross-mod interactions that can happen, or to make the original game easier or more difficult.^[60]

See also[edit]

• Adventure Construction Set, one of the earliest games for which user-created content was widely made and distributed.
• Cartridge tilting which modifies a game with often unpredictable effects
• Modding in Grand Theft Auto, for more information on the GTA modding scene
• ROM hacking, unofficial modding on consoles

References[edit]

1. ^ ^abcdPoor, Nathaniel (24 September 2013). 'Computer game modders' motivations and sense of community: A mixed-methods approach'. New Media & Society. 16 (8): 1249–1267. doi:10.1177/1461444813504266.
2. ^Olson, Cheryl K.; Kutner, Lawrence A.; Warner, Dorothy E.; Almerigi, Jason B.; Baer, Lee; Nicholi, Armand M.; Beresin, Eugene V. (July 2007). 'Factors Correlated with Violent Video Game Use by Adolescent Boys and Girls'. Journal of Adolescent Health. 41 (1): 77–83. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.01.001. PMID17577537.
3. ^ ^abPostigo, Hector (October 2007). 'Of Mods and Modders'. Games and Culture. 2 (4): 300–313. doi:10.1177/1555412007307955.
4. ^ ^abcdSotamaa, Olli (July 2010). 'When the Game Is Not Enough: Motivations and Practices Among Computer Game Modding Culture'. Games and Culture. 5 (3): 239–255. doi:10.1177/1555412009359765.
5. ^Dey, Tapajit; Massengill, Jacob Logan; Mockus, Audris (16 October 2016). Analysis of Popularity of Game Mods: A Case Study. Proceedings of the 2016 Annual Symposium on Computer-Human Interaction in Play. pp. 133–139. doi:10.1145/2968120.2987724. ISBN9781450344586.
6. ^ ^abcdeSotamaa, Olli (3 September 2007). 'On modder labour, commodification of play, and mod competitions'. First Monday. 12 (9). doi:10.5210/fm.v12i9.2006.
7. ^(PDF). pp. 10–11 https://tampub.uta.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/65431/951-44-6448-6.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.Missing or empty title= (help)
8. ^ ^ab(PDF). p. 12 https://tampub.uta.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/65431/951-44-6448-6.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.Missing or empty title= (help)
9. ^Denton, Abby (12 January 2018). 'Artificial life finds a way: the legacy of Creatures'. Rock Paper Shotgun. Retrieved 27 November 2018.
10. ^Burger-Helmchen, Thierry; Cohendet, Patrick (October 2011). 'User Communities and Social Software in the Video Game Industry'. Long Range Planning. 44 (5–6): 317–343. doi:10.1016/j.lrp.2011.09.003.
11. ^ ^abcColeman, Sarah; Dyer-Witheford, Nick (2007). 'Playing on the digital commons: collectivities, capital and contestation in videogame culture'. Media, Culture & Society. 29 (6): 934–953. doi:10.1177/0163443707081700.
12. ^(PDF). p. 68 https://tampub.uta.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/65431/951-44-6448-6.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.Missing or empty title= (help)
13. ^Poretski, Lev; Arazy, Ofer (25 February 2017). 'Placing Value on Community Co-creations'. Placing Value on Community Co-creations: A Study of a Video Game 'Modding' Community. ACM. pp. 480–491. doi:10.1145/2998181.2998301. ISBN9781450343350.
14. ^ ^abcScacchi, Walt (2011). Modding as an Open Source Approach to Extending Computer Game Systems. IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology. 365. pp. 62–74. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-24418-6_5. ISBN978-3-642-24417-9.
15. ^Letzter, Rafi (21 July 2015). 'Online communities are changing video games to make them better, weirder, and much more wonderful'. Business Insider Australia. Retrieved 22 February 2019.
16. ^ ^abSihvonen, Tania (2011). 'Cultural and Commercial Appropriation'. Players Unleashed!: Modding The Sims and the Culture of Gaming. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. p. 37. JSTORj.ctt46mt37.5.
17. ^(PDF). p. 10 https://tampub.uta.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/65431/951-44-6448-6.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.Missing or empty title= (help)
18. ^Flew, Terry and Humphreys, Sal (2005) 'Games: Technology, Industry, Culture' in Terry Flew, New Media: an introduction (second edition), Oxford University Press, South Melbourne 101-114.
19. ^Supernatural powers become contagious in PC game by Will Knight, NewScientist, 7 January 2005
20. ^ ^abKretzschmar, Mark; Stanfill, Mel (17 July 2018). 'Mods as Lightning Rods'. Social & Legal Studies: 096466391878722. doi:10.1177/0964663918787221.
21. ^Seppala, Timothy (15 May 2015). 'A few 'GTA V' mods are installing malware on PCs'. Engadget. Retrieved 16 May 2015.
22. ^Parsons, Jeff (15 May 2015). 'GTA V PC modifications hide a VIRUS - hackers use popular game to steal your passwords'. Daily Mirror. Retrieved 16 May 2015.
23. ^Chalk, Andy (14 May 2015). 'GTA 5 mods Angry Planes and No Clip contain malware'. PC Gamer. Retrieved 16 May 2015.
24. ^ ^abScacchi, Walt (3 May 2010). 'Computer game mods, modders, modding, and the mod scene'. First Monday. 15 (5). doi:10.5210/fm.v15i5.2965.
25. ^Kücklich, Julian. 'Precarious Playbour: Modders and the Digital Games Industry'. Fibreculture.
26. ^Hyman, Paul (April 9, 2004). 'Video game companies encourage 'modders''. Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on May 6, 2008.
27. ^Usher, William (1 July 2012). 'DayZ Helps Arma 2 Rack Up More Than 300,000 In Sales'. Cinema Blend. Retrieved 2012-07-03.
28. ^Orland, Kyle (May 11, 2017). 'Pirates upset that popular graphics mod won't work for them'. Ars Technica. Retrieved November 27, 2018.
29. ^Walker, Trey (17 May 2006). 'Half-Life Mod Expo mods announced'. GameSpot. Retrieved 27 November 2018.
30. ^'Civilization III: Play the World Overview'. CNET. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
31. ^'Sid Meier's Civilization Mods by Rhye - Rhye's and Fall of Civilization'. rhye.civfanatics.net. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
32. ^'Fall from Heaven'. kael.civfanatics.net. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
33. ^'The IP Implications of Video Game Mods - JIPEL Blog'. blog.jipel.law.nyu.edu. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
34. ^ ^abKow, Yong Ming; Nardi, Bonnie (3 May 2010). 'Who owns the mods?'. First Monday. 15 (5). doi:10.5210/fm.v15i5.2971.
35. ^ ^abJoseph, Daniel James (27 February 2018). 'The Discourse of Digital Dispossession: Paid Modifications and Community Crisis on Steam'. Games and Culture. 13 (7): 690–707. doi:10.1177/1555412018756488.
36. ^Postigo, H. (1 February 2008). 'Video Game Appropriation through Modifications: Attitudes Concerning Intellectual Property among Modders and Fans'. Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies. 14 (1): 59–74. doi:10.1177/1354856507084419.
37. ^'SPARE THE MOD: IN SUPPORT OF TOTAL-CONVERSION MODIFIED VIDEO GAMES'(PDF). Harvard Law Review. 125 (3): 789–810. January 2012.
38. ^Brief overview of the differences and similarities between open source software development and co-creation in digital games - Jedrzej Czarnota, Gamasutra, 7 August 2013
39. ^van der Graaf, Shenja (2018). 'Designing for Mod Development'. ComMODify. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. pp. 1–2. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-61500-4. ISBN978-3-319-61499-1.
40. ^Kamen, Matt (24 April 2015). 'Skyrim is first game to allow paid game mods on Steam'. Wired.com. Archived from the original on 5 May 2015. Retrieved May 4, 2015.
41. ^Prescott, Shaun (April 27, 2015). 'Valve has removed paid mods functionality from Steam Workshop'. PC Gamer. Retrieved May 4, 2015.
42. ^'Removing Payment Feature From Skyrim Workshop'. Steam. April 28, 2015. Retrieved May 4, 2015.
43. ^Grayson, Nathan (April 28, 2015). 'Some People Are Pissed That Skyrim's Paid Mods Are Gone'. Kotaku. Retrieved May 4, 2015.
44. ^ ^ab'8 of the Coolest Total Conversion Mods Ever Made'. The Escapist. Retrieved 2017-07-19.
45. ^(PDF). p. 28 https://tampub.uta.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/65431/951-44-6448-6.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.Missing or empty title= (help)
46. ^ ^abDonnelly, Joe (2017-02-10). 'Best total conversion mods'. Rock, Paper, Shotgun. Retrieved 2017-07-19.
47. ^Matulef, Jeffrey (2013-11-20). 'Valve gives Black Mesa permission to be a commercial product'. Eurogamer. Retrieved 2017-07-19.
48. ^Robertson, Adi (2015-10-13). 'A massive overhaul for the original Deus Ex is now available on Steam'. The Verge. Retrieved 2017-07-19.
49. ^Pereira, Chris (2016-09-20). 'That Gorgeous GTA 5 Graphics Overhaul Mod Is Finally Available'. GameSpot. Retrieved 2017-07-19.
50. ^'JJ2+ (last updated October 30, 2013)'. 2013-11-01. Retrieved 15 March 2014.
51. ^'San Andreas rated AO, Take-Two suspends production'. GameSpot. CNET Networks. 2005-12-14. Retrieved July 1, 2006.
52. ^'FTC Hot Coffee ruling scalds, but doesn't burn Take-Two'. GameSpot. CNET Networks. 2006-06-08. Archived from the original on July 8, 2006. Retrieved July 1, 2006.
53. ^ ^abCannon, Rebecca. 'Meltdown' from Videogames and Art (Clarke, Andy and Grethe Mitchell, eds.). Bristol: Intellect Books. Pp.40-42. 2007. ISBN978-1-84150-142-0
54. ^ ^abStalker, Phillipa Jane. Gaming In Art: A Case Study Of Two Examples Of The Artistic Appropriation Of Computer Games And The Mapping Of Historical Trajectories Of 'Art Games' Versus Mainstream Computer Games. University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. 2005.
55. ^Bogacs, Hannes. Game Mods: A Survey of Modifications, Appropriation and Videogame Art^{[permanent dead link]}. Vienna University of Technology - Design and Assessment of Technologies Institute. February 2008.
56. ^Nine Years Later, Latin America's Leagues Keep MVP Baseball Alive on Kotaku by Owen Good (12/22/13)
57. ^Lindbergh, Ben (April 14, 2015). ''MVP Baseball … 2015'? How the Best Baseball Video Game Ever Has Refused to Retire for 10 Years'. Grantland.com. Another factor in MVP’s favor: The game allows greater access to its innards than most titles. [..] 2K’s failure to match MVP’s approval rating despite several years of running unopposed on the PC market, made MVP the go-to game for modders even as it lost its looks relative to 2K and The Show. The community’s support peaked from 2005 through the first PC edition of 2K in 2009, tailed off for a time, and then ramped up again once Take-Two abandoned the PC market in 2013 and canceled 2K entirely last year. A decade of EA development made MVP the best baseball game on the PC market in 2005, and a decade of amateur development has helped it keep that title in 2015.
58. ^Open-Source-Breathes-New-Life-Into-MVP-Baseball-2005-Video-Game on protecode.com by Sara Purdon (on Sep 15, 2015)
59. ^Luke Plunkett (2018-02-28). 'Mods Saved A Game, So They're Now An Official Product'. kotaku.com.
60. ^'modpack - definition - English'. Glosbe. Retrieved 2 October 2017.

Further reading[edit]

• Sihvonen, Tania. (2011). Players Unleashed!: Modding The Sims and the Culture of Gaming. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt46mt37
• Futter, Mike (May 4, 2015). 'The Fallacy Of Free Mods - Paying Creators, Developers, And Valve Is The Right Move (And May Return)'. Game Informer. Retrieved 27 November 2018.
• van der Graaf, Shenja (2018). ComMODify. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-61500-4. ISBN978-3-319-61499-1.